英文论文大型企业危机管理

　　本英文论文范文，主要内容是解释危机的定义与内容，以及危机管理对于企业作用，包括危机管理的挑战，重要的问题，和战略，以克服这些挑战。《现代管理论坛》是一本为企业管理及相关理论服务的社会学期刊。该刊不仅涵盖了管理理念，还涉及对不同业务与企业管理发展趋势的解读、讨论与评价。《现代管理论坛》致力于为企业与员工提供高质量的独特交流平台，并通过将期刊传递的有价值信息应用于现实工作环境、通过将管理理念与实际经验的有机结合来惠及企业及员工。

　　危机管理：大型企业的批判性分析

　　危机是一种不正常的情况，甚至是知觉，它超出了日常事务的范围，而且威胁到组织的运作、安全和声誉。危机管理是指组织管理一个广泛的影响，如媒体关系，并使其开始复苏。危机管理是一个必不可少的组成部分的公共关系专业，在实践中，必须尽可能全面和细致。良好的危机管理的好处可以从字面上挽救生命，节省资金和拯救组织免受破坏。任何一个没有准备好应对危机的组织都会不断冒风险。研究论文主要集中在危机，危机管理的挑战，重要的问题，和战略，以克服这些挑战。

　　A Crisis is an abnormal situation, or even perception, which is beyond the scope of everyday business and which threatens the operation, safety and reputation of an organisation. Crisis management is the process by which the organisation manages a wider impact, such as media relations, and enables it to commence recovery.Crisis management is an essential component of the public relations profession and when in practice, must be used as comprehensive and meticulous as possible. The benefits of good crisis management can literally save lives, save money and save an organization from devastation. Any organization that isn't prepared for a crisis will be constantly at risk. The research paper basically focuses on the crisis, challenges of crisis management, important issues, and strategies to overcome such challenges.

　　Introduction:简介

　　Crises can strike any company at any time. Cadbury, Reliance, Pepsi and the tobacco industry are some of the most recent companies that can attest to this fact, but they are not the only ones. Crises do not discriminate based on a company's size or notoriety, and they can hit when a company least expects them. They come in many forms - strikes, layoffs, product recalls or allegations of misconduct, but while some of these may seem small, every crisis has the potential to damage the reputation of a company.

　　Regardless of the severity of the situation, crises pose a serious threat to companies - not only to their reputation but their fiscal health as well. When Odwalla's apple juice was thought to be the cause of an outbreak of E. coli bacteria, the company lost a third of its market value. The same allegation against Jack in the Box restaurant in 1993 caused the hamburger chain's stock price to fall from $14 a share to nearly $3 a share. On the other hand, some companies emerge from crises unscathed in the eyes of consumers and investors. Johnson and Johnson is one such company. After it was discovered that its Tylenol capsules had been laced with cyanide, Johnson and Johnson reacted in such an effective way that the case is now well-documented as an example of successful crisis management.

　　The factor that determines how a company will withstand a crisis is its ability to respond to the crisis. 'The public forgives accidents, but it doesn't forgive a corporation if its response to the public is inadequate.'Once a crisis occurs, the company is suddenly a target for the media, who are acting on behalf of the public to find out the answers to the important questions about their own safety.

　　What is Crisis?

　　Crisis is major, unpredictable event that threatens to harm an operation, staff, customers, reputation or the legal and financial status of an organization.

　　What is Crisis Management?

　　Crisis Management is the systematic attempt to avoid organizational crisis, or to manage those crises events that do occur.

　　Crisis management is the process by which an organization deals with a major unpredictable event that threatens to harm the organization, its stakeholders, or the general public.

　　Natural crises, typically natural disasters considered as 'acts of God,' are such environmental phenomena as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tornadoes and hurricanes, floods, landslides, tidal waves, storms, and droughts that threaten life, property, and the environment itself.

　　Industrial Accident:

　　Construction collapse, Fire, and Toxic release.

　　Technological crises:

　　Technological crises are caused by human application of science and technology. Technological accidents inevitably occur when technology becomes complex and coupled and something goes wrong in the system as a whole (Technological breakdowns). Some technological crises occur when human error causes disruptions (Human breakdowns). People tend to assign blame for a technological disaster because technology is subject to human manipulation whereas they do not hold anyone responsible for natural disaster. When an accident creates significant environmental damage, the crisis is categorized as mega damage. Samples include software failures, industrial accidents, and oil spills.

　　Product or Service failure:

　　Communication failure, System failure, Machine failure.

　　Business and management:

　　Hostile takeover, sudden strike by workforce or key supplier, Major customer withdraws its support, competitor's launches new product, Sudden shortfall in demand.

　　Examples of crisis management:

　　Reliance Power IPO.

　　Cadbury India in the year-2004.

　　Pepsi.

　　Bhopal disaster.

　　Importance of Crisis Management:

　　Crisis management is an essential component of the public relations profession and when in practice, must be used as comprehensive and meticulous as possible.

　　The benefits of good crisis management can literally save lives, save money and save an organization from devastation.

　　Any organization that isn't prepared for a crisis will be constantly at risk.

　　Successful Crisis Management:

　　Reliance Power IPO.

　　Cadbury India in the year-2004.

　　Pepsi.

　　Unsuccessful Crisis Management:

　　Bhopal

　　Ford and Firestone Tire and Rubber Company

　　Exxon

　　How to make successful Crisis Management:

　　Identify the problem

　　What is the crisis? Define it. Not what caused it or who is to blame but rather what it is in clear terms. This can also be referred to as the problem statement.

　　Create a team

　　Now that the crisis is defined, what areas does it touch? Assemble a team with the owners of the subject matter experts in each of those areas. For a business this generally means: executive management with a representative, marketing/product management, operations, legal, human resources, information technology, finance, PR or media relations sales and research & development. If any of these functions are not necessary, do not include them in the team just to fill a seat. For other organizations such as non-profits it may include: executive leadership, development, IT, member relations, finance, PR or media relations, human resources and marketing.

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