国际贸易论文外贸公司使用国际贸易术语解释

　　本国际贸易论文是国际贸易专业留学作业范文，主要内容是讲述应对当今国际市场的激烈竞争，外贸公司使用国际贸易术语解释通则的具体情况和相关方法等。发表学术论文网推荐国际贸易论文可发表英文期刊《现代管理论坛》是一本为企业管理及相关理论服务的社会学期刊。该刊不仅涵盖了管理理念，还涉及对不同业务与企业管理发展趋势的解读、讨论与评价。《现代管理论坛》致力于为企业与员工提供高质量的独特交流平台，并通过将期刊传递的有价值信息应用于现实工作环境、通过将管理理念与实际经验的有机结合来惠及企业及员工。

　　在当今国际市场获得对外国竞争对手的销售，出口商必须计划好的交易客户提供有吸引力的交易条件采用合适的付款条件，使企业更具竞争力和生产力的支持，提高在国外市场的企业和许多其他的竞争力，使贸易和支付都可以在一个组织的数据和满足协议商定为进口商和出口商的影响下是非常重要的问题，所以会发生什么，谁会获胜，如果有任何诉讼，以及保险的重要性。

　　In today’s international marketplace to gain sales against foreign competitors, exporters must proposal a good deals to their customers with attractive trading terms supported by using appropriate payment terms to make business more competitive and productive, to increase competitiveness of businesses in foreign markets and many others, so both terms of trade and payment are very important issues that could impact on an organization’s performances which agreements in the figures and meet a mutually agreeable for both importer and the exporter and, so what could happen and who will win if there’s any lawsuit and why is Insurance important.

　　Incoterms are used to make international trade to making easier to traders in every different countries to understand one another (David, 2013). There are many different options, commonly applied to domestic and international trade contracts problem with it is that ensuring the agreement need to make clear to the import and export verifying that each contract must include Incoterms to guarantee a smooth transaction (David, 2013). For example one of the coverage approach Incoterms is limited to issues related to rights and obligations of the parties under the contract of sale to the delivery of goods sold, excluding intangible item such as computer software. There always risk of loss during transfers, one of the most common misconception when the export pays the freight is that the export has the risk of loss of goods until the goods are distributed to the importer’s premise, when using incoterms EXW (Ex Works) it’s the seller’s responsibilities to pack goods and make them available for collection by buyer at seller’s premise it represents the least responsibilities on the part of seller (David, 2013). For FOB (Free On Board), FCA (Free Carrier) and FAS (Free Alongside Ship) it’s the seller’s responsibilities to deliver (packed) goods to a carrier at the named place and complete export and customs clearances (David, 2013). When using INCOTERMS CPT (Carriage Paid To), CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid), CFR (Cost and Freight) or CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight), risk transfers to the importer when the exporter hands the merchandises over to the shipper (David, 2013). When using DAT (Delivered at Terminal), DAP (Delivered at Place) and DDP (Delivered Duty paid) it’s the seller’s responsibility to deliver goods to buyer at place It represents the greatest responsibilities on the part of seller (David, 2013). There are always a need to revise the incoterms guideline and that could be a problem to most export and import if they never update their incoterms the main reason is that they need to adapt Incoterms to fit into the modern commercial practice (David, 2013). Problems sometimes arise when the importer and exporter send their expectation to one another throughout the pre-contract negotiations process. It is then frequently uncertain which set of conditions applies to the transaction and whether the parties have effectively come to an agreement at all. In extreme cases, the uncertainty created by this practice leads to a disputes that ends in court (David, 2013). Example a Tupperware company from Taiwan orders plastic from China plastic company, both parties agree that incoterm Cost and Freight (CFR) will be used, therefore the plastic company load all the goods into a vessel selected by the Tupperware Company and ship leave China. During the journey to Taiwan the ship crushed causing part of the cargos drops into the sea so the Tupperware company sue the plastic company for the damages they suffer, so who will win the lawsuit ? The answer will be the plastic company because they had signed on an agreement of incoterm Cost and Freight (CFR) that the risk will transfer to the Tupperware company because once the goods are loaded on the ship all the risk belong to the Tupperware company. SNY building company from Singapore orders 2 tonnes of cement powder from ASD company from Indonesia, the cement are then sent from Indonesia via seaway transport. Both parties agree that incoterm Free Alongside Ship (FAS) is used. As soon as the day of shipment arrives, it is soon find out that the cement powder are not at the agreed port therefore the delivery of the cement powder to Singapore has been delayed resulting in an extra fees such problem who need to take the responsibilities to pay for the delay the answer is the import even through it’s the shipper’s fault on the delay because under the Free Alongside Ship (FAS) contract it stated that all the cost and damage will be issued to the buyer when all the goods reach the loading port of shipment (Coyle, Bardie & Langley, n.d.).

　　Firstly, the objective of terms of payment is that both parties is to optimize the outcome and profitability of the transaction within the framework of an established and acceptable risk level. It depends on things like the connection between exporter and importer distance, location and amount so what method that could fit (Export, n.d.). Example 1, A new company ABC order large amount of metal from QWERTY company a well-known company therefore what is the acceptable practice for payments terms for the company to make the shipment? Since the customer is new and the product are expensive therefor cash in advance will be the most suitable method to use in case the new customer and since the product are expensive the risk are high too, because cash in advance is risk free for QWERTY company, letter of credit will also be good if the importer ABC company is a well-known company shows that they have large capital that will be signal that the company is creditworthiness could guarantees payment through the sales agreement of letter of credit. Example 2, Apple Company from USA a well-known company order 2 cargo of microchip from ASD company a well-known company from China therefore what is the standard practice for payments terms for the company to make the shipment? Since Apple Company is a very well-known company proof open account certainly will be the best choice to make if they want to build a long term relationship between each other.

　　There’s always risk when shipping of goods outside of the domestic market and domestic market, cargo insurance commonly known as marine insurance, applies to all methods of shipping (David, 2013). The need for export or import insurance often varies from exporter to export or importer to import, unless the insurance is binding in trade term, the exporter or the importer may opt out to insure the goods on their own risk (David, 2013). Depending on the Incoterms, either the seller or buyer is responsible for insuring the cargo (David, 2013). In addition to registration the companies must process liability and provisions for cargo insurance. It is quite understandable that the amount of insurance coverage depend of the policy. Example 1, a Chemical Company from Korea ship their chemical oversea by it’s nature of the goods it is very hazards one or another therefore by the help of insurance that covers fire, sinking, collision, loss overboard, sea damage and others, when bad thing happen to the ship during journey on the sea the insurance could cover the costs on damages, Example 2, a new company want to import goods from 321 company by sea transportation but since they are new they don’t know what insurance to purchase therefor the importer can request the exporter to buy the insurance on the behalf of the import under the agreement of incoterms CIF that is used only for sea transportation and the exporter will pay for the cargo on the behalf of the buyer (David, 2013).

　　Conclusion 结论

　　Choose the more suitable inconterm for a company is also very important and managing the exchange process with the best and most efficient logistics possible help to reduce the costs and increase optimization, Incoterm provided a very clearguidelines to both the exporter and importer, once both parties understand the contract on which parties will need to pay, type of payment that could use must fit the scenario or relationship between the exporter and importer. Insurance is very important because you will never know when disaster will strikes causing damage to you goods causing company to lose money therefore it is bad for business.

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